- Home
- Discover India
- East India
- Sikkim
Sikkim
Sikkim, a small Himalayan State lying between 27 to 28 degrees North latitude and 88 to 89 degrees East longitude is the second smallest state in India. It is barely 7,096 sq. kms in size yet has an elevation ranging from 300 mtrs. to 8585 mtrs. above sea level. It's Geography is dominated by the most majestic mountain chain in the world which includes the Khangchendzonga, world's third highest mountain and is worshipped by the Sikkimese as the guardian deity to their land.
HISTORY
Buddhism, the major religion in the state, arrived from Tibet in the 13th century. It took its distinctive Sikkimese form four centuries later, when three Tibetan monks of the old Nyingamapa order, dissatisfied with the rise of the reformist Gelukpas, migrated to Yoksum in western Sikkim. Having consulted an oracle, they went to Gangtok looking for a certain Phuntsong Namgyal, whom they crowned as the first Chogyal or 'Righteous King' of Denzong in 1642. Being the secular and religious head, he was soon recognized by Tibet, and brought sweeping reforms. His kingdom was far larger than today's Sikkim and included Kalimpong and parts of western Bhutan. Over the centuries, the territory was lost to the Bhutanese, the Nepalese and the British. The British policy to diminish the strong Tibetan influence resulted in the import of workers from Nepal to work in the tea plantations of Sikkim, Darjeeling and Kalimpong and these soon outnumbered the indigenous population.
CULTURE
It is traditionally accepted that the Lepchas are the autochthonous tribe of Sikkim. After them came the Bhutias, from Tibet, followed by the Nepalese and finally the Indian business community from the plains.
However, before one goes into the ethnic composition of Sikkim, it needs to be said that the Sikkimese, irrespective of the tribe, class or community they belong to , are essentially simple folk. Like most hill-tribes, the Sikkimese are thus far relatively untouched by consumerism. Cliched though it may sound, the Sikkimese truly exemplify how different communities can exemplify how different communities can coexist in peace and mutual.
The Sikkimese can be broadly classified into the Lephcas, the Bhutias, the Nepalese and the plainsmen (mostly businessmen from elsewhere in India). Communities, cultures, religions and Customs of different hues intermingle freely here in Sikkim to constitute a homogeneous blend. Hindu temples co- exist with Buddhist monasteries and there are even a few Christian churches, Muslim mosques and Sikh "Gurdwara". Although the Buddhists with monasteries all over the state are the most conspicuous religious group, they are in fact a minority constituting only 28% of the population. The majority, 68% profess Hinduism. The predominant communities are the Lepchas, Bhutias and the Nepalis. In urban areas many plainsmen- Marwaris, Biharis, Bengalis, South Indians, Punjabis- have also settled and they are mostly engaged in business and government service. Because of development and construction activities in the state, a small part of the population consists of migrant labourers from the plains and from Nepal: plumbers, masons and carpenters from Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal and Sherpas who are hired by the army to maintain the roads at high altitudes. There are also a few thousand Tibetan Refugees settled in Sikkim. Cultural and economic forces are reshaping the way of life of the Sikkimese. This can be seen by taking a walk down the M.G. Marg of Gangtok, boys and girls sporting the latest fashions probably picked up from a new Hindi movie or BBC s Clothes Show gaily tromp up and down. An open Jeep carrying jubilant footballers who have won a match passes by -they are singing Daler Mehndi's popular Punjabi song "Bol Ta Ra Ra" at the top of their voices. The cable TV is definitely attempting to remould the cultural landscape of Sikkim. You should not be Surprised if you come across a village girl some- where in the wilderness dressed in a Punjabi Kurta Pajama singing a Hindi number "Didi tera dewar diwana" while tending to her herd of cattle. Inspite of such powerful external influences, Sikkimese have proved to be resilient accepting the benefits of progress while retaining their ethnic identity.
The Lepchas
The original inhabitants of Sikkim are said to be Lepchas. They existed much before the Bhutias and Nepalese migrated to the state. Before adopting Buddhism or Christianity as their religion, the earliest Lepcha settlers were believers in the bone faith or mune faith. This faith was basically based on spirits, good and bad. They worshipped spirits of mountains, rivers and forests which was but natural for a tribe that co-existed so harmoniously with the rich natural surroundings. The Lepcha (Zongu) folklore is rich with stories. The Lepcha population is concentrated in the central part of the Sikkim.
The Nepalese
The Nepalese appeared on the Sikkim scene much after the Lepchas & Bhutias. They migrated in large numbers and soon became the dominant community. The Nepalese now constitute more than 80% of the total population. The Nepali settlers introduced the terraced system of cultivation. Cardamom was an important cash crop introduced by the Nepalese.
The Bhutias
They are the people of Tibetan origin. They migrated to Sikkim perhaps somewhere after the fifteenth century through the state of Sikkim. In Northern Sikkim, where they are the major inhabitants, they are known as the Lachenpas and Lachungpas. The language spoken by the bhutias is Sikkimese. Bhutia villages are as large as those compared to those of Lepchas.
HISTORY
Buddhism, the major religion in the state, arrived from Tibet in the 13th century. It took its distinctive Sikkimese form four centuries later, when three Tibetan monks of the old Nyingamapa order, dissatisfied with the rise of the reformist Gelukpas, migrated to Yoksum in western Sikkim. Having consulted an oracle, they went to Gangtok looking for a certain Phuntsong Namgyal, whom they crowned as the first Chogyal or 'Righteous King' of Denzong in 1642. Being the secular and religious head, he was soon recognized by Tibet, and brought sweeping reforms. His kingdom was far larger than today's Sikkim and included Kalimpong and parts of western Bhutan. Over the centuries, the territory was lost to the Bhutanese, the Nepalese and the British. The British policy to diminish the strong Tibetan influence resulted in the import of workers from Nepal to work in the tea plantations of Sikkim, Darjeeling and Kalimpong and these soon outnumbered the indigenous population.
CULTURE
It is traditionally accepted that the Lepchas are the autochthonous tribe of Sikkim. After them came the Bhutias, from Tibet, followed by the Nepalese and finally the Indian business community from the plains.
However, before one goes into the ethnic composition of Sikkim, it needs to be said that the Sikkimese, irrespective of the tribe, class or community they belong to , are essentially simple folk. Like most hill-tribes, the Sikkimese are thus far relatively untouched by consumerism. Cliched though it may sound, the Sikkimese truly exemplify how different communities can exemplify how different communities can coexist in peace and mutual.
The Sikkimese can be broadly classified into the Lephcas, the Bhutias, the Nepalese and the plainsmen (mostly businessmen from elsewhere in India). Communities, cultures, religions and Customs of different hues intermingle freely here in Sikkim to constitute a homogeneous blend. Hindu temples co- exist with Buddhist monasteries and there are even a few Christian churches, Muslim mosques and Sikh "Gurdwara". Although the Buddhists with monasteries all over the state are the most conspicuous religious group, they are in fact a minority constituting only 28% of the population. The majority, 68% profess Hinduism. The predominant communities are the Lepchas, Bhutias and the Nepalis. In urban areas many plainsmen- Marwaris, Biharis, Bengalis, South Indians, Punjabis- have also settled and they are mostly engaged in business and government service. Because of development and construction activities in the state, a small part of the population consists of migrant labourers from the plains and from Nepal: plumbers, masons and carpenters from Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal and Sherpas who are hired by the army to maintain the roads at high altitudes. There are also a few thousand Tibetan Refugees settled in Sikkim. Cultural and economic forces are reshaping the way of life of the Sikkimese. This can be seen by taking a walk down the M.G. Marg of Gangtok, boys and girls sporting the latest fashions probably picked up from a new Hindi movie or BBC s Clothes Show gaily tromp up and down. An open Jeep carrying jubilant footballers who have won a match passes by -they are singing Daler Mehndi's popular Punjabi song "Bol Ta Ra Ra" at the top of their voices. The cable TV is definitely attempting to remould the cultural landscape of Sikkim. You should not be Surprised if you come across a village girl some- where in the wilderness dressed in a Punjabi Kurta Pajama singing a Hindi number "Didi tera dewar diwana" while tending to her herd of cattle. Inspite of such powerful external influences, Sikkimese have proved to be resilient accepting the benefits of progress while retaining their ethnic identity.
The Lepchas
The original inhabitants of Sikkim are said to be Lepchas. They existed much before the Bhutias and Nepalese migrated to the state. Before adopting Buddhism or Christianity as their religion, the earliest Lepcha settlers were believers in the bone faith or mune faith. This faith was basically based on spirits, good and bad. They worshipped spirits of mountains, rivers and forests which was but natural for a tribe that co-existed so harmoniously with the rich natural surroundings. The Lepcha (Zongu) folklore is rich with stories. The Lepcha population is concentrated in the central part of the Sikkim.
The Nepalese
The Nepalese appeared on the Sikkim scene much after the Lepchas & Bhutias. They migrated in large numbers and soon became the dominant community. The Nepalese now constitute more than 80% of the total population. The Nepali settlers introduced the terraced system of cultivation. Cardamom was an important cash crop introduced by the Nepalese.
The Bhutias
They are the people of Tibetan origin. They migrated to Sikkim perhaps somewhere after the fifteenth century through the state of Sikkim. In Northern Sikkim, where they are the major inhabitants, they are known as the Lachenpas and Lachungpas. The language spoken by the bhutias is Sikkimese. Bhutia villages are as large as those compared to those of Lepchas.
| Capital | : | Gangtok |
| District Area | : | 7096 sq. km |
| Altitude | : | 5,840 feet from the sea level |
| Literacy | : | 56% |
| Sex Ratio | : | 875 females : 1000 males |
| Best time to visit | : | March - late May and October - December |
| Temperature | : | Summer: Min. 13°C, Max. 28°C Winter: Min. 0°C, Max. 13°C |
| Climate | : | Mild temperature in both Summer and Winter |
| Rainfall | : | 325 cm |
| Clothing | : | Summer: Cotton Winters: Woolens |
| Local Languages | : | English, Hindi, Bhutia (Sikkimese), Bhutia (Tibetan), Nepali, Lepcha, Limboo |
| Religion | : | Hinduism and Vajrayana Buddhism |
Pemayangtse
The premier monastery of Sikkim, belonging to the Nyingmapa sect commands a panor mic view of the mountain range. Situated at a height of 2000 mts. (approx.). An interesting feature of Pemayangtse is the depiction of ‘Sangthopalri’ or ‘heaven’. Sculptured on wood by a single monk, which took 5 years to complete. A work of art.
For the traveller who would like an insight to the unspoilt charm, of West Sikkim, Pemayangtse is the base.
Tashiding
Tashiding Monastery was built at the spot on tip of a hill between Rangit and Ratong rivers, where a rainbow emanating from Mount Khangchendzonga came to an end.
No pilgrimage to Sikkim is complete without a visit to the Tashiding monastery. The monastery is looked upon as the most sacred, and the mere sight of it is supposed to cleanse one of all their sins. Tashiding is a days journey by trek and 1 hour by car from Pemayangtse.
Dzongri
Dzongri with an altitude of 4000 mts. offers an exhilirating experience. A trekkers paradise, one gets an awe inspiring view of the Khangchendzonga range of mountains.
Gangtok
The visitor enters Sikkim at the border town of Rangpo in the Tista valley. One leaves it quickly behind, following the Tista in snaking curves to another small town Singtam, where oranges in season are in golden pyramids beside the highway. Then through the forest and across open mountain side begins the climb to Gangtok the capital and principal town of Sikkim. Built on the flank of a Ridge Gangtok is 1600 mts. above the sea level and the only modern town in Sikkim.
Apart from the gorgeous views of deep valleys, rivulets and the snow mountain range, Gangtok has a number of places of interest to offer the visitor.
Read More..
Research Institute of Tibetology
The Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology and other Buddhist studies in Gangtok, is today the most prestigious one of its kind in India. It has a vast collection of rare Lepcha, Tibetan and Sanskrit manuscripts as well as statues and thankas used in Buddhist liturgy. The Institute promotes a serious study of Buddhist philoosophy and religion and is consulted by scholars from all over the world.
Just below the Institute of Tibetology is the Orchid Sanctuary where a vast range of orchids are found.
Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre
A 23 Km. drive from Gangtok through scenic mountainside country, leads you to Rumtek. This monastery has been designed on the lines of traditional architecture, and is almost a replica of the Kagyu headquarters in Tibet. The monastery has some of the most unique religious art objects.
Phurba- Chorten at Do-Ta-Pu
The Phurba Chorten at Do-Ta-Pu-Situated on a small hillock is a five minute drive from Gangtok town. Around the Chorten is installed the 'Mani-Lhakor'. The Chorten is surrounded by the Mani-Lhakhang and the Guru Lhakhang. Close by, there is also a 'Sheda' or Nying mapa School of Buddhist studies.
The Government Institute of Cottage Industries
The G.I.C.I. helps to preserve traditional arts and crafts producing cottage crafts of authentic Sikkimese designs. Attractive handwoven carpets, Lepcha weave bags & intricately handcarved articles in wood and bamboo can be picked up as souvenio.
The premier monastery of Sikkim, belonging to the Nyingmapa sect commands a panor mic view of the mountain range. Situated at a height of 2000 mts. (approx.). An interesting feature of Pemayangtse is the depiction of ‘Sangthopalri’ or ‘heaven’. Sculptured on wood by a single monk, which took 5 years to complete. A work of art.
For the traveller who would like an insight to the unspoilt charm, of West Sikkim, Pemayangtse is the base.
Tashiding
Tashiding Monastery was built at the spot on tip of a hill between Rangit and Ratong rivers, where a rainbow emanating from Mount Khangchendzonga came to an end.
No pilgrimage to Sikkim is complete without a visit to the Tashiding monastery. The monastery is looked upon as the most sacred, and the mere sight of it is supposed to cleanse one of all their sins. Tashiding is a days journey by trek and 1 hour by car from Pemayangtse.
Dzongri
Dzongri with an altitude of 4000 mts. offers an exhilirating experience. A trekkers paradise, one gets an awe inspiring view of the Khangchendzonga range of mountains.
Gangtok
The visitor enters Sikkim at the border town of Rangpo in the Tista valley. One leaves it quickly behind, following the Tista in snaking curves to another small town Singtam, where oranges in season are in golden pyramids beside the highway. Then through the forest and across open mountain side begins the climb to Gangtok the capital and principal town of Sikkim. Built on the flank of a Ridge Gangtok is 1600 mts. above the sea level and the only modern town in Sikkim.
Apart from the gorgeous views of deep valleys, rivulets and the snow mountain range, Gangtok has a number of places of interest to offer the visitor.
Read More..
Research Institute of Tibetology
The Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology and other Buddhist studies in Gangtok, is today the most prestigious one of its kind in India. It has a vast collection of rare Lepcha, Tibetan and Sanskrit manuscripts as well as statues and thankas used in Buddhist liturgy. The Institute promotes a serious study of Buddhist philoosophy and religion and is consulted by scholars from all over the world.
Just below the Institute of Tibetology is the Orchid Sanctuary where a vast range of orchids are found.
Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre
A 23 Km. drive from Gangtok through scenic mountainside country, leads you to Rumtek. This monastery has been designed on the lines of traditional architecture, and is almost a replica of the Kagyu headquarters in Tibet. The monastery has some of the most unique religious art objects.
Phurba- Chorten at Do-Ta-Pu
The Phurba Chorten at Do-Ta-Pu-Situated on a small hillock is a five minute drive from Gangtok town. Around the Chorten is installed the 'Mani-Lhakor'. The Chorten is surrounded by the Mani-Lhakhang and the Guru Lhakhang. Close by, there is also a 'Sheda' or Nying mapa School of Buddhist studies.
The Government Institute of Cottage Industries
The G.I.C.I. helps to preserve traditional arts and crafts producing cottage crafts of authentic Sikkimese designs. Attractive handwoven carpets, Lepcha weave bags & intricately handcarved articles in wood and bamboo can be picked up as souvenio.
FESTIVALS
Phang Labsol - End August
At this festival the snowy range of Kanchendzonga is worshipped for its unifying powers. This festival also marks the signing of the treaty of brotherhood between the Lepchas and Bhutias. The local deities were invoked to witness the historic occasion. The guardian deity is portrayed by a masked Lama dancer as a fiery red-faced deity wearing a crown of five skulls and riding a snow-lion, a truly colourful spectacle indeed.
Bum-chu - January-February
Bum - means "Pot or Vase" Chu - means "Water. The pot containing the Holy water is opened by the Lamas of the monastery. The level of water in the pot tells of things to come in the forthcoming year. If the water is to the brim, it prophesies bloodshed and disturbances and if the pot is almost dry it signifies famine. However, if it is half full it foretells a year in which peace and prosperity will reign. A part of the holy water is distributed amongst the participants and then the pot is replenished with river water and sealed at the end of the festival to be opened only in the next Bumchu.
Lhabab Dhuechen
This festival symbolises the descent of Lord Buddha from the heavens. Lha - means "Heaven" Bab - means "Descent". Legend has it that when Lord Buddha attained Enlightenment, through his spiritual powers he got to know of the whereabouts of his mother and at the age of forty one ascended to the heavens along with thousands of his followers. He stayed in heaven for three months where he preached to his mother but other celestial. Maugalyayana, Buddha's disciple who was on earth as his representative and who also possessed miraculous powers went up to heaven to ask the Lord to return back to the earth. The gods were unwilling to let Lord Buddha return to earth so Maugalyanana suggested that the celestial beings could come to earth instead to attend his preachings. So Lord Buddha decided to come back to earth at a place called Sankasya along a triple ladder that was prepared especially for the occasion by Viswakarma, the God of Machines. This festival hence celebrates this legend of the Lord Buddha.
Saga Dawa - End of May or early June
Saga Dawa is a festival that celebrates and marks the various stages in Buddha's life, namely his birth, his enlightenment and finally his nirvana.
Drupka Tekshi - Around August
This festival celebrates Buddha's first preaching of the four "Noble Truths" to his first five disciples in Deer Park at Sarnath. At Gangtok, there are prayers at the Deer Park and at a secluded place called Muguthang in extreme North Sikkim, followed by a Yak race.
FLORA & FAUNA
Because of the altitude that vary right from sea level to summits that touch the skies, the flora and fauna naturally covers a wide spectrum. Nowhere in the world in such a small area can one find flora and fauna of all varieties - Tropical to the Alpines. Sikkim's botanical and zoological richness is awe- inspiring, boasting of more than 4000 species of plants and 30% of all the birds found in the Indian sub-continent. No wonder Sikkim has been a dream of naturalists. Dr. J. Hooker during the middle of the last century surveyed in the detail the botanical wealth in Sikkim and his findings were embodied in the publication 'Himalayan Journal' that is still considered as an authoritative document. Dr. Salim Ali an ornithologist has given a detailed account on birds in his book 'The birds of Sikkim'. Besides these there are many books available on the flora & fauna of sikkim.
PLANTS
The lowlands in the south, 800'to 5000', experience a tropical climate; lush vegetation such as figs, laurel, Sal trees and bamboos have been cleared in some areas for farming. The temperate forest of oak, chestnut, maple, birch, alder, magnolia and silver fir dominates between 5000; and 13000. Above 13000, is the alpine zone where juniper, cypresses and rhododendrons grow. The perpetual snowline lies at 16000'. Luxuriant forests cover 36% of the land, more than 4000 species of plant have been recorded in Sikkim. Over 600 species of orchids grow in Sikkim, Epiphytal and terresterial types, in the tropical and temperate zones. 35 species of rhododendrons grow in temperate and alpine regions, their flowering from May to August colours hillsides.
ANIMALS
Amongst the mammals of Sikkim are the rare Snow Leopard, Himalayan Black Bear, Red panda, Musk Deer and Blue Sheep.
Birding is abundant with Giant Lammergeier, Vultures, Eagles, Whistling Thursh, Minivets, Bulbuls and Pheasants among the 550 species to be seen in Sikkim.
SIKKIM MONASTERIES
Sikkim's near about 200 monasteries or Gompas belonging to the Nyingma and Kagyu order have not only been influencing the cultural heritage and lifestyle of the people, but also demonstrates the ancient rituals in practice. Devoted Lamas robed in red, chant ancient mantras to the rhythm of drums and trumpets while soft lights flicker from decorative lamps placed before statues of the great Guru Padmasambhava. Feel the peace and quiet of being one with nature and close to the almighty as sacred words mingle with the whirring prayer wheels. The Gompas are adorned with life-like frescoes of hoary Buddhist legends, rare silk and brocade Thangkas. Also preserved here, are ancient Tibetan manuscripts, exquisitely carved wood work and icons of silver and gold.
Pemayangtse Monastery
Pemayangtse Monastery is situated in West Sikkim at Gyalshing (140 kms. from Gangtok) and commands an impressive view of Mount khanchendzonga. This monastery belongs to the Nyingma order and all other Nyingma monasteries in Sikkim are subordinate to it.
Rumtek Monastery
24 Kms. from Gangtok, a drive through beautiful countryside takes one to Rumtek Dharma Chakra centre built in 1960'S by his holiness the late 16th GYALWA KARMAPA when he took refuge in Sikkim after the Chinese attack. It houses some of the worlds most unique art objects, ancient manuscripts and icons.
Enchey Monastery
This monastery is situated in Gangtok on a hill top. It was built during the reign of Thutob Namgyal.
Phensang Monastery
This monastery was built in 1721 during the time of Jigme Pawo. In 1947 it was completely gutted by a devastating fire. However it was rebuilt in 1948. It is present in North Sikkim.
Phodang Monastery
This monastery is in North Sikkim 28 kms. from Gangtok. The original monastery is rebuilt and is today one of the most beautiful monasteries in Sikkim.
Tashiding Monastery
This is another important monastery belonging to the Nyingmapa order and is about 40 Kms. from Gyalshing by road via Legship (West Sikkim). It lies nestled on the top of a hill that looms up between the Rathong river and the Rangit river and is surrounded by a profusion of Prayer flags that flutter in the air.
Sanga Chelling Monastery
Sanga chelling means ' the island of esoteric teaching'. This monastery was built in 1697 and is situated about 7 kms. from Pemayangste. It is said to be the oldest monastery in Sikkim.
Dubdi Monastery
Dubdi means 'the retreat' and this monastery was built in 1700. It is located near Yuksum on a hill top. One has to travel by foot to reach it.
Khechopari Monasterey
This monastery is located just above the famous near Yukusm.
Melli Monastery
Melli basically means 'a lepcha village'. This monastery is also located near Yuksum.
Sinon Monastery
Sinon means 'the suppressor of intense fear'. The monastery was built in 1716 and is located about 10 kms. from Tashiding on a hill top.
Dalling Monastery
Dalling means 'the thunderbolt'. This monastery was built in 1840 and is situated near kwezing in .
Yangyang Monastery
Yangyang means 'the ridge of fortune'. This monastery was built in 1840 and is situated at a place called Yangyang 10 kms. downhill from Rabongla.
Namchi Monastery
This monastery is located in Namchi, the district headquarters of south district and was constructed during the reign of Chogyal Gurmed Namgyal.
Kwezing Monastery
This monastery is located near Kwezing in South Sikkim. It was built during the reign of Chogyal Thutob Namgyal.
Simik Monastery
This monastery is situated in near Singtam town. It was built during the reign of Chogyal Tsudphud Namgyal.
Hee Gyathang Monastery
This monastery is located in and follows the Nyingma sect of Buddhism.
Lingtem Monastery
This monastery is located in the Zongu area of North Sikkim, Chawang.
Ani Monastery
This monastery is located near Phensang which is on the highway between Gangtok amd Mangan. It was built during the reign of Chogyal Tshudphud Namgyal.
Rhenock Monastery
This monastery is located in bout 63 kms. from Gangtok.
Khatok Monastery
This monastery is located in East Sikkim near Pakyong. The present structure of the monastery was built during the reign of Chogyal Thutob Namgyal.
Bermoik Monastery
This monastery was constructed in 1952 and follows the Nyingma sect of Buddhism. It is situated in South Sikkim above Singtam.
Lachen Monastery
This monastery in North Sikkim was built in 1806 and follows the Nyingma sec of Buddhism.
Lachung Monastery
This monastery in North Sikkim was built in Sikkim 1880 and also follows the Nyingma sect of Buddhism.
Sang Monastery
This monastery is situated near Rumtek and was built in 1912.
Ralong Monastery
This monastery is situated near Rabongla in South Sikkim.
Enchey Monastery
An important seat of the Nyingma order, the Enchey Monastery is built on the site blessed by Lama Druptob Karpoa tantric master known for his power of flying. This monastery in North Sikkim was built in 1721 during the time of Jigme Pawo. In 1947 it was completely gutted by a devastating fire. However it was rebuilt in 1948 thangs largely to the devotion of the Lamas and the unstinted spot of the laity.
Phang Labsol - End August
At this festival the snowy range of Kanchendzonga is worshipped for its unifying powers. This festival also marks the signing of the treaty of brotherhood between the Lepchas and Bhutias. The local deities were invoked to witness the historic occasion. The guardian deity is portrayed by a masked Lama dancer as a fiery red-faced deity wearing a crown of five skulls and riding a snow-lion, a truly colourful spectacle indeed.
Bum-chu - January-February
Bum - means "Pot or Vase" Chu - means "Water. The pot containing the Holy water is opened by the Lamas of the monastery. The level of water in the pot tells of things to come in the forthcoming year. If the water is to the brim, it prophesies bloodshed and disturbances and if the pot is almost dry it signifies famine. However, if it is half full it foretells a year in which peace and prosperity will reign. A part of the holy water is distributed amongst the participants and then the pot is replenished with river water and sealed at the end of the festival to be opened only in the next Bumchu.
Lhabab Dhuechen
This festival symbolises the descent of Lord Buddha from the heavens. Lha - means "Heaven" Bab - means "Descent". Legend has it that when Lord Buddha attained Enlightenment, through his spiritual powers he got to know of the whereabouts of his mother and at the age of forty one ascended to the heavens along with thousands of his followers. He stayed in heaven for three months where he preached to his mother but other celestial. Maugalyayana, Buddha's disciple who was on earth as his representative and who also possessed miraculous powers went up to heaven to ask the Lord to return back to the earth. The gods were unwilling to let Lord Buddha return to earth so Maugalyanana suggested that the celestial beings could come to earth instead to attend his preachings. So Lord Buddha decided to come back to earth at a place called Sankasya along a triple ladder that was prepared especially for the occasion by Viswakarma, the God of Machines. This festival hence celebrates this legend of the Lord Buddha.
Saga Dawa - End of May or early June
Saga Dawa is a festival that celebrates and marks the various stages in Buddha's life, namely his birth, his enlightenment and finally his nirvana.
Drupka Tekshi - Around August
This festival celebrates Buddha's first preaching of the four "Noble Truths" to his first five disciples in Deer Park at Sarnath. At Gangtok, there are prayers at the Deer Park and at a secluded place called Muguthang in extreme North Sikkim, followed by a Yak race.
FLORA & FAUNA
Because of the altitude that vary right from sea level to summits that touch the skies, the flora and fauna naturally covers a wide spectrum. Nowhere in the world in such a small area can one find flora and fauna of all varieties - Tropical to the Alpines. Sikkim's botanical and zoological richness is awe- inspiring, boasting of more than 4000 species of plants and 30% of all the birds found in the Indian sub-continent. No wonder Sikkim has been a dream of naturalists. Dr. J. Hooker during the middle of the last century surveyed in the detail the botanical wealth in Sikkim and his findings were embodied in the publication 'Himalayan Journal' that is still considered as an authoritative document. Dr. Salim Ali an ornithologist has given a detailed account on birds in his book 'The birds of Sikkim'. Besides these there are many books available on the flora & fauna of sikkim.
PLANTS
The lowlands in the south, 800'to 5000', experience a tropical climate; lush vegetation such as figs, laurel, Sal trees and bamboos have been cleared in some areas for farming. The temperate forest of oak, chestnut, maple, birch, alder, magnolia and silver fir dominates between 5000; and 13000. Above 13000, is the alpine zone where juniper, cypresses and rhododendrons grow. The perpetual snowline lies at 16000'. Luxuriant forests cover 36% of the land, more than 4000 species of plant have been recorded in Sikkim. Over 600 species of orchids grow in Sikkim, Epiphytal and terresterial types, in the tropical and temperate zones. 35 species of rhododendrons grow in temperate and alpine regions, their flowering from May to August colours hillsides.
ANIMALS
Amongst the mammals of Sikkim are the rare Snow Leopard, Himalayan Black Bear, Red panda, Musk Deer and Blue Sheep.
Birding is abundant with Giant Lammergeier, Vultures, Eagles, Whistling Thursh, Minivets, Bulbuls and Pheasants among the 550 species to be seen in Sikkim.
SIKKIM MONASTERIES
Sikkim's near about 200 monasteries or Gompas belonging to the Nyingma and Kagyu order have not only been influencing the cultural heritage and lifestyle of the people, but also demonstrates the ancient rituals in practice. Devoted Lamas robed in red, chant ancient mantras to the rhythm of drums and trumpets while soft lights flicker from decorative lamps placed before statues of the great Guru Padmasambhava. Feel the peace and quiet of being one with nature and close to the almighty as sacred words mingle with the whirring prayer wheels. The Gompas are adorned with life-like frescoes of hoary Buddhist legends, rare silk and brocade Thangkas. Also preserved here, are ancient Tibetan manuscripts, exquisitely carved wood work and icons of silver and gold.
Pemayangtse Monastery
Pemayangtse Monastery is situated in West Sikkim at Gyalshing (140 kms. from Gangtok) and commands an impressive view of Mount khanchendzonga. This monastery belongs to the Nyingma order and all other Nyingma monasteries in Sikkim are subordinate to it.
Rumtek Monastery
24 Kms. from Gangtok, a drive through beautiful countryside takes one to Rumtek Dharma Chakra centre built in 1960'S by his holiness the late 16th GYALWA KARMAPA when he took refuge in Sikkim after the Chinese attack. It houses some of the worlds most unique art objects, ancient manuscripts and icons.
Enchey Monastery
This monastery is situated in Gangtok on a hill top. It was built during the reign of Thutob Namgyal.
Phensang Monastery
This monastery was built in 1721 during the time of Jigme Pawo. In 1947 it was completely gutted by a devastating fire. However it was rebuilt in 1948. It is present in North Sikkim.
Phodang Monastery
This monastery is in North Sikkim 28 kms. from Gangtok. The original monastery is rebuilt and is today one of the most beautiful monasteries in Sikkim.
Tashiding Monastery
This is another important monastery belonging to the Nyingmapa order and is about 40 Kms. from Gyalshing by road via Legship (West Sikkim). It lies nestled on the top of a hill that looms up between the Rathong river and the Rangit river and is surrounded by a profusion of Prayer flags that flutter in the air.
Sanga Chelling Monastery
Sanga chelling means ' the island of esoteric teaching'. This monastery was built in 1697 and is situated about 7 kms. from Pemayangste. It is said to be the oldest monastery in Sikkim.
Dubdi Monastery
Dubdi means 'the retreat' and this monastery was built in 1700. It is located near Yuksum on a hill top. One has to travel by foot to reach it.
Khechopari Monasterey
This monastery is located just above the famous near Yukusm.
Melli Monastery
Melli basically means 'a lepcha village'. This monastery is also located near Yuksum.
Sinon Monastery
Sinon means 'the suppressor of intense fear'. The monastery was built in 1716 and is located about 10 kms. from Tashiding on a hill top.
Dalling Monastery
Dalling means 'the thunderbolt'. This monastery was built in 1840 and is situated near kwezing in .
Yangyang Monastery
Yangyang means 'the ridge of fortune'. This monastery was built in 1840 and is situated at a place called Yangyang 10 kms. downhill from Rabongla.
Namchi Monastery
This monastery is located in Namchi, the district headquarters of south district and was constructed during the reign of Chogyal Gurmed Namgyal.
Kwezing Monastery
This monastery is located near Kwezing in South Sikkim. It was built during the reign of Chogyal Thutob Namgyal.
Simik Monastery
This monastery is situated in near Singtam town. It was built during the reign of Chogyal Tsudphud Namgyal.
Hee Gyathang Monastery
This monastery is located in and follows the Nyingma sect of Buddhism.
Lingtem Monastery
This monastery is located in the Zongu area of North Sikkim, Chawang.
Ani Monastery
This monastery is located near Phensang which is on the highway between Gangtok amd Mangan. It was built during the reign of Chogyal Tshudphud Namgyal.
Rhenock Monastery
This monastery is located in bout 63 kms. from Gangtok.
Khatok Monastery
This monastery is located in East Sikkim near Pakyong. The present structure of the monastery was built during the reign of Chogyal Thutob Namgyal.
Bermoik Monastery
This monastery was constructed in 1952 and follows the Nyingma sect of Buddhism. It is situated in South Sikkim above Singtam.
Lachen Monastery
This monastery in North Sikkim was built in 1806 and follows the Nyingma sec of Buddhism.
Lachung Monastery
This monastery in North Sikkim was built in Sikkim 1880 and also follows the Nyingma sect of Buddhism.
Sang Monastery
This monastery is situated near Rumtek and was built in 1912.
Ralong Monastery
This monastery is situated near Rabongla in South Sikkim.
Enchey Monastery
An important seat of the Nyingma order, the Enchey Monastery is built on the site blessed by Lama Druptob Karpoa tantric master known for his power of flying. This monastery in North Sikkim was built in 1721 during the time of Jigme Pawo. In 1947 it was completely gutted by a devastating fire. However it was rebuilt in 1948 thangs largely to the devotion of the Lamas and the unstinted spot of the laity.
The climate ranges from sub-tropical in the south to tundra in the northern parts. The tundra-type region in the north is clad by snow for four months a year though the temperature drops below 0 °C (32 °F) almost every night. The peaks of north-western Sikkim are perpetually frozen.
Most of the inhabited regions of Sikkim, however, witness a temperate climate, with the temperatures seldom exceeding 28 °C (82 °F) in summer or dropping below 0°C (32°F) in winter.
The mean monthly temperature in summer is 15 °C. The state has five seasons: winter, summer, spring, and autumn, and a monsoon season between June and September.
The average annual temperature for most of Sikkim is around 18 °C (64 °F). Sikkim is one of the few states in India to receive regular snowfall. The snow line ranges from 20,000 feet in the north to 16,000 feet in the south. During the monsoon, heavy rains increase the possibility of landslides.
The record for the longest period of continuous rain is 11 days. In the northern region, because of high altitude, temperatures drop below -40°C (-40°F) in winter. Fog also affects many parts of the state during winter and the monsoons, making transportation perilous.
Most of the inhabited regions of Sikkim, however, witness a temperate climate, with the temperatures seldom exceeding 28 °C (82 °F) in summer or dropping below 0°C (32°F) in winter.
The mean monthly temperature in summer is 15 °C. The state has five seasons: winter, summer, spring, and autumn, and a monsoon season between June and September.
The average annual temperature for most of Sikkim is around 18 °C (64 °F). Sikkim is one of the few states in India to receive regular snowfall. The snow line ranges from 20,000 feet in the north to 16,000 feet in the south. During the monsoon, heavy rains increase the possibility of landslides.
The record for the longest period of continuous rain is 11 days. In the northern region, because of high altitude, temperatures drop below -40°C (-40°F) in winter. Fog also affects many parts of the state during winter and the monsoons, making transportation perilous.
By Air:
The busiest route in and out of Sikkim is the road between Gangtok and Siliguri. The town of Bagdogra at a distance of 124 km from Gangtok has the nearest airport. Flights from Bagdogra can be booked at the Indian Airlines office on Tibet Road in Gangtok (Phone 03592-23099). There are regular flights to Guwahati, Calcutta, and Delhi from Bagdogra.
By Railway:
The nearest railway stations from Gangtok are New Jalpaiguri (125 km) and Siliguri (144 km) connected to Delhi, Calcutta, Guwahati, and other important cities in India.
By Road:
The Sikkim National Tourist Agency (Phone 22016) has daily bus services to Siliguri (5 hours), Darjeeling (7 hours), Kalimpong (3 hours) and Bagdogra (4.5 hours). Share jeeps and taxis are a faster alternative to commute.
The busiest route in and out of Sikkim is the road between Gangtok and Siliguri. The town of Bagdogra at a distance of 124 km from Gangtok has the nearest airport. Flights from Bagdogra can be booked at the Indian Airlines office on Tibet Road in Gangtok (Phone 03592-23099). There are regular flights to Guwahati, Calcutta, and Delhi from Bagdogra.
By Railway:
The nearest railway stations from Gangtok are New Jalpaiguri (125 km) and Siliguri (144 km) connected to Delhi, Calcutta, Guwahati, and other important cities in India.
By Road:
The Sikkim National Tourist Agency (Phone 22016) has daily bus services to Siliguri (5 hours), Darjeeling (7 hours), Kalimpong (3 hours) and Bagdogra (4.5 hours). Share jeeps and taxis are a faster alternative to commute.